Introduction to Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Why PPE is Important
Every worker has the right to a safe workplace. Despite engineering controls, administrative controls, and safe work practices, some hazards cannot be completely eliminated. In these cases, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) serves as the last line of defense against injury and illness.
PPE reduces the risk of injuries such as cuts, burns, eye injuries, hearing loss, chemical exposure, and even fatalities. However, PPE is only effective when it is properly selected, correctly fitted, worn consistently, and maintained in good condition.
Employer Responsibilities Regarding PPE
Hazard Assessment: Employers must assess the workplace to determine what hazards are present and what PPE is necessary for each job task.
Provision of PPE: Employers must provide PPE at no cost to workers when required by OSHA regulations.
Training: Employers must ensure that all employees are trained on proper PPE selection, use, limitations, and care.
Replacement: Employers must replace defective or damaged PPE immediately and ensure that all PPE meets OSHA and ANSI standards.
Employee Responsibilities Regarding PPE
Correct Usage: Workers must wear PPE whenever required and use it only for its intended purpose.
Inspection Before Use: All PPE must be inspected before each use to check for damage, defects, or contamination.
Reporting Issues: Any damaged, worn-out, or defective PPE must be reported immediately to a supervisor and replaced before resuming work.
Care and Maintenance: PPE should be cleaned, stored properly, and maintained according to manufacturer instructions.
Fit and Comfort: Workers must notify their supervisor if PPE does not fit correctly or causes discomfort that could compromise safety.
Types of PPE and Their Applications
1. Head Protection (Hard Hats)
Protects against falling objects, overhead hazards, and accidental head bumps.
Required in areas with crane operations, elevated work, or potential falling debris.
Inspect daily for cracks, dents, or UV damage.
2. Eye and Face Protection (Safety Glasses, Goggles, Face Shields)
Shields eyes from flying particles, chemical splashes, dust, and harmful light radiation.
Safety glasses with side shields are common for general work; goggles are used for chemical handling or dusty environments.
Face shields are often worn with safety glasses when grinding or cutting.
3. Hearing Protection (Earplugs and Earmuffs)
Required in areas where noise exceeds 85 decibels over an 8-hour workday.
Earplugs must be inserted properly to ensure full protection; earmuffs must fully cover the ears.
Hearing conservation programs and periodic audiometric testing may apply.
4. Hand Protection (Gloves)
Protects against cuts, punctures, abrasions, burns, and chemical exposure.
Types of gloves include cut-resistant, chemical-resistant, electrical insulating, and general-purpose.
Gloves must be chosen based on the specific hazard (e.g., nitrile gloves for chemical exposure, Kevlar for sharp materials).
5. Foot Protection (Steel-Toe or Composite-Toe Boots)
Prevents injury from falling objects, punctures, and slips.
Required in most industrial and construction environments.
Soles should provide traction suitable for site conditions.
6. Respiratory Protection (Dust Masks and Respirators)
Used when airborne hazards such as dust, fumes, vapors, or gases are present.
Respirators require medical clearance, fit testing, and additional training under OSHA 1910.134.
Workers must not use respirators with facial hair that interferes with the seal.
7. High-Visibility Clothing and Body Protection
- High-visibility vests or jackets are required in roadway, warehouse, or heavy equipment environments.
- Aprons or full-body suits may be needed for chemical, hot work, or biological hazard areas.
- Flame-resistant (FR) clothing may be required for welding or electrical arc flash protection.
Key PPE Principles
- PPE is the last line of defense, not a substitute for safe work practices.
- Always check signage or site instructions for specific PPE requirements.
- Ensure PPE fits properly and does not interfere with job performance.
- Replace damaged or defective PPE immediately—never compromise your safety.
- Properly clean and store PPE to prevent contamination or deterioration.
Quick-Reference PPE Assessment Checklist
Purpose:
To help workers quickly identify common hazards and confirm the appropriate PPE needed before performing any task.
Step 1: Identify the Task:
Select the type of work you will be performing and note associated hazards.

Step 2: Confirm PPE Condition
Inspect all PPE for damage or defects before use.
Replace or report damaged PPE immediately.
Ensure PPE is properly fitted and adjusted.
Step 3: Document and Verify
Confirm PPE compliance before starting work.
Notify your supervisor of any additional hazards not listed in this matrix.